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Publication that is typically distributed at a regular interval

A magazine is a periodical publication, generally published on a regular schedule (often weekly or monthly), containing a variety of content. They are more often than not financed by advertizing, past a purchase price, by prepaid subscriptions, or by a combination of the three.

Definition [edit]

In the technical sense a journal has continuous pagination throughout a volume. Thus Concern Week, which starts each effect anew with page one, is a magazine, but the Journal of Concern Communication, which continues the same sequence of pagination throughout the coterminous twelvemonth, is a journal. Some professional or trade publications are likewise peer-reviewed, for example the Journal of Accountancy. Non-peer-reviewed academic or professional publications are generally professional magazines. That a publication calls itself a periodical does not make it a journal in the technical sense; The Wall Street Journal is really a newspaper.[ commendation needed ]

Etymology [edit]

The discussion "magazine" derives from Middle French magasin meaning "warehouse, depot, store", from Italian magazzino , from Standard arabic makhazin , the plural of makhzan meaning "storehouse".[1] In its original sense, the discussion "mag" referred to a storage space or device.[1] In the instance of written publication, it refers to a drove of written articles. This explains why magazine publications share the word with gunpowder magazines, arms magazines, firearm magazines, and in French and Russian (adopted from French as магазин ), retailers such as department stores.[2]

Distribution [edit]

Impress magazines tin can exist distributed through the mail, through sales by newsstands, bookstores, or other vendors, or through free distribution at selected pick-upwards locations. Electronic distribution methods can include social media, email, news aggregators, and visibility of a publication's website and search engine results. The traditional subscription business models for distribution fall into three chief categories:

[edit]

In this model, the magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a per-outcome basis or by subscription, where an almanac fee or monthly price is paid and issues are sent by post to readers. Paid circulation allows for defined readership statistics.[three] [4]

Non-paid circulation [edit]

This means that at that place is no encompass price and issues are given away, for case in street dispensers, airline, or included with other products or publications. Because this model involves giving issues away to unspecific populations, the statistics merely entail the number of problems distributed, and not who reads them.[ citation needed ]

Controlled circulation [edit]

This is the model used by many trade magazines (industry-based periodicals) distributed only to qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey. Because of costs (e.g., printing and stamp) associated with the medium of print, publishers may not distribute free copies to anybody who requests ane (unqualified leads); instead, they operate under controlled circulation, deciding who may receive gratis subscriptions based on each person's qualification equally a member of the trade (and likelihood of buying, for case, likelihood of having corporate purchasing dominance, as determined from task championship). This allows a high level of certainty that advertisements will be received by the advertiser's target audition,[5] and it avoids wasted printing and distribution expenses. This latter model was widely used before the rise of the Earth Wide Web and is even so employed by some titles. For instance, in the United Kingdom, a number of computer-industry magazines use this model, including Computer Weekly and Calculating, and in finance, Waters Magazine. For the global media industry, an example would be VideoAge International. [ citation needed ]

History [edit]

The earliest example of magazines was Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen, a literary and philosophy magazine, which was launched in 1663 in Germany.[half dozen] The Gentleman's Magazine, commencement published in 1731 in London was the first full general-interest magazine.[seven] Edward Cavern, who edited The Gentleman's Magazine under the pen name "Sylvanus Urban", was the first to use the term "mag", on the analogy of a military storehouse.[eight] Founded by Herbert Ingram in 1842, The Illustrated London News was the first illustrated weekly news magazine.[7]

U.k. [edit]

The oldest consumer magazine still in print is The Scots Magazine,[9] which was start published in 1739, though multiple changes in buying and gaps in publication totalling over ninety years weaken that claim. Lloyd's List was founded in Edward Lloyd's England coffee store in 1734; and though its online platform is yet updated daily it has non been published equally a magazine since 2013 afterward 274 years.[10]

France [edit]

La Gazette, 26 December 1786

Under the ancient regime, the virtually prominent magazines were Mercure de France, Journal des sçavans, founded in 1665 for scientists, and Gazette de France, founded in 1631. Jean Loret was one of France's first journalists. He disseminated the weekly news of music, trip the light fantastic toe and Parisian order from 1650 until 1665 in verse, in what he chosen a gazette caricatural, assembled in iii volumes of La Muse historique (1650, 1660, 1665). The French press lagged a generation behind the British, for they catered to the needs of the elite, while the newer British counterparts were oriented toward the middle and working classes.[xi]

Periodicals were censored by the central government in Paris. They were non totally quiescent politically—often they criticized Church abuses and bureaucratic ineptitude. They supported the monarchy and they played at most a small role in stimulating the revolution.[12] During the Revolution, new periodicals played central roles as propaganda organs for diverse factions. Jean-Paul Marat (1743–1793) was the virtually prominent editor. His L'Ami du peuple advocated vigorously for the rights of the lower classes against the enemies of the people Marat hated; it closed when he was assassinated. Later on 1800 Napoleon reimposed strict censorship.[13]

Magazines flourished later on Napoleon left in 1815. Virtually were based in Paris and most emphasized literature, poetry and stories. They served religious, cultural and political communities. In times of political crunch they expressed and helped shape the views of their readership and thereby were major elements in the changing political culture.[fourteen] For example, in that location were eight Catholic periodicals in 1830 in Paris. None were officially owned or sponsored by the Church and they reflected a range of opinion among educated Catholics almost current bug, such as the 1830 July Revolution that overthrew the Bourbon monarchy. Several were strong supporters of the Bourbon kings, merely all eight ultimately urged back up for the new regime, putting their appeals in terms of preserving ceremonious order. They often discussed the relationship between church and state. Generally, they urged priests to focus on spiritual matters and non engage in politics. Historian M. Patricia Dougherty says this procedure created a distance between the Church building and the new monarch and enabled Catholics to develop a new understanding of church-country relationships and the source of political authorisation.[xv]

Turkey [edit]

General [edit]

The Moniteur Ottoman was a gazette written in French and beginning published in 1831 on the order of Mahmud Ii. It was the first official gazette of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Alexandre Blacque at the expense of the Sublime Porte. Its proper noun mayhap referred to the French newspaper Le Moniteur Universel. It was issued weekly. Takvim-i vekayi was published a few months later, intended every bit a translation of the Moniteur into Ottoman Turkish. After having been edited by erstwhile Consul for Denmark "M. Franceschi", and later on by "Hassuna de Ghiez", it was lastly edited by Lucien Rouet. Nonetheless, facing the hostility of embassies, it was closed in the 1840s.[16]

Satire [edit]

Satirical magazines of Turkey have a long tradition. One of the earliest satirical magazines was Diyojen which was launched in 1869. There are effectually 20 satirical magazines; the leading ones are Penguen (70,000 weekly apportionment), LeMan (50,000) and Uykusuz. Historical examples include Oğuz Aral's mag Gırgır (which reached a apportionment of 500,000 in the 1970s) and Marko Paşa (launched 1946). Others include L-Manyak and Lombak.

U.s.a. [edit]

Colonial America [edit]

Publishing was a very expensive industry in colonial times. Newspaper and printer'southward ink were taxed imported goods and their quality was inconsistent. Interstate tariffs and a poor route arrangement hindered distribution, fifty-fifty on a regional scale. Many magazines were launched, near failing inside a few editions, but publishers kept trying. Benjamin Franklin is said to have envisioned i of the first magazines of the American colonies in 1741, the Full general Magazine and Historical Chronicle. The Pennsylvania Mag, edited by Thomas Paine, ran only for a short time but was a very influential publication during the Revolutionary War. The final effect containing the text of the Declaration of Independence was published in 1776.[17]

Tardily 19th century [edit]

Harper's Monthly, a literary and political force in the late 19th century

In the mid-1800s, monthly magazines gained popularity. They were general interest to begin, containing some news, vignettes, poems, history, political events, and social discussion.[18] Unlike newspapers, they were more of a monthly record of current events along with entertaining stories, poems, and pictures. The start periodicals to branch out from news were Harper'southward and The Atlantic, which focused on fostering the arts.[19] Both Harper's and The Atlantic persist to this twenty-four hour period, with Harper'south existence a cultural mag and The Atlantic focusing mainly on earth events. Early publications of Harper's fifty-fifty held famous works such every bit early on publications of Moby Dick or famous events such as the laying of the world'south first transatlantic telegraph cablevision; however, the majority of early content was trickle down from British events.[20]

The development of the magazines stimulated an increase in literary criticism and political contend, moving towards more opinionated pieces from the objective newspapers.[19] The increased fourth dimension between prints and the greater corporeality of space to write provided a forum for public arguments by scholars and critical observers.[21]

The early journal predecessors to magazines started to evolve to modernistic definition in the late 1800s.[21] Works slowly became more specialized and the general discussion or cultural periodicals were forced to suit to a consumer market which yearned for more localization of issues and events.[19]

Progressive Era: 1890s–1920s [edit]

The Olympic Number of Life, 10 Jul 1924. Bug of general involvement magazines focused on a specific subject area were referred to equally "numbers" and featured embrace art relevant to the given topic, in this case the 1924 Summer Olympics.

Mass circulation magazines became much more than mutual after 1900, some with circulations in the hundreds of thousands of subscribers. Some passed the meg-marking in the 1920s. Information technology was an historic period of mass media. Because of the rapid expansion of national advertising, the cover cost fell sharply to nearly 10 cents.[22] One cause was the heavy coverage of corruption in politics, local government and big business, especially by Muckrakers. They were journalists who wrote for pop magazines to expose social and political sins and shortcomings. They relied on their ain investigative journalism reporting; muckrakers often worked to expose social ills and corporate and political abuse. Muckraking magazines–notably McClure's–took on corporate monopolies and crooked political machines while raising public awareness of chronic urban poverty, dangerous working weather, and social issues like child labor.[23]

The journalists who specialized in exposing waste material, abuse, and scandal operated at the land and local level, like Ray Stannard Bakery, George Creel, and Brand Whitlock. Others like Lincoln Steffens exposed political corruption in many large cities; Ida Tarbell went subsequently John D. Rockefeller'south Standard Oil Company. Samuel Hopkins Adams in 1905 showed the fraud involved in many patent medicines, Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel The Jungle gave a horrid portrayal of how meat was packed, and, as well in 1906, David Graham Phillips unleashed a blistering indictment of the U.S. Senate. Roosevelt gave these journalists their nickname when he complained that they were not existence helpful past raking upwards all the muck.[24] [25]

1930s–1990s [edit]

21st century [edit]

According to the Research Department of Statista, closures of magazines outnumbered launches in N America during 2009. Although both figures declined during 2010–2015, launches outnumbered closures in each of those years, sometimes by a 3:1 ratio.[26] Focusing more than narrowly, MediaFinder.com plant that 93 new magazines launched during the first half-dozen months of 2014 while simply 30 closed in that fourth dimension frame. The category which produced the well-nigh new publications was "Regional interest", of which 6 new magazines were launched, including 12th & Wide and Craft Beer & Brewing.[27] However, two magazines had to change their print schedules. Johnson Publishing's Jet stopped printing regular bug making the transition to digital format, however still print an annual print edition.[28] Ladies' Dwelling Periodical stopped their monthly schedule and abode delivery for subscribers to become a quarterly newsstand-only special interest publication.[29]

Magazine stand, Sweden 1941

According to statistics from the finish of 2013, subscription levels for 22 of the top 25 magazines declined from 2012 to 2013, with just Time, Glamour and ESPN The Magazine gaining numbers.[30]

Women's magazines [edit]

The "vii sisters" of American women's magazines are Ladies' Dwelling house Journal, Good Housekeeping, McCall's, Adult female's Day, Redbook, Family unit Circle and Better Homes and Gardens. Some magazines similar Godey's Lady's Volume and Harper's Bazaar were intended exclusively for a female audience, emphasizing the traditional gender roles of the 19th century. Harper's Bazaar was the first to focus exclusively on couture manner, fashion accessories and textiles. The inclusion of didactic content about housekeeping may accept increased the appeal of the magazine for a broader audience of women and men concerned well-nigh the frivolity of a mode mag.[17]

Types [edit]

1928 outcome of Popular Aviation, which became the largest aviation magazine with a circulation of 100,000.[31]

Targeting women [edit]

Fashion [edit]

In the 1920s, new magazines appealed to young German women with a sensuous image and advertisements for the appropriate wearing apparel and accessories they would want to purchase. The glossy pages of Die Matriarch and Das Blatt der Hausfrau displayed the "Neue Frauen", "New Girl" – what Americans chosen the flapper. This platonic immature woman was chichi, financially contained, and an eager consumer of the latest fashions. Magazines kept her up to date on fashion, arts, sports, and modern engineering such as automobiles and telephones.[32]

Parenting [edit]

The showtime women's magazine targeted toward wives and mothers was published in 1852.[33] Through the use of advice columns, advertisements, and diverse publications related to parenting, women's magazines have influenced views of maternity and kid-rearing.[34] Mass-marketed women'south magazines have shaped and transformed cultural values related to parenting practices. As such, magazines targeting women and parenthood accept exerted ability and influence over ideas near motherhood and child-rearing.[34]

Religion [edit]

Religious groups have used magazines for spreading and communicating religious doctrine for over 100 years. The Friend was founded in Philadelphia in 1827 at the time of a major Quaker schism; it has been continually published and was renamed Friends Periodical when the rival Quaker groups formally reconciled in the mid-1950s.[35]

Several Catholic magazines launched at the turn of the 20th century that still remain in circulation including; St. Anthony Messenger founded in 1893 and published by the Franciscan Friars (OFM) of St. John the Baptist Province, Cincinnati, Ohio, Los Angeles–based Tidings, founded in 1895 (renamed Angelus in 2016), and published jointly by The Tidings Corporation and the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles, and Maryknoll, founded in 1907 by the Foreign Mission Order of America which brings news virtually the arrangement's charitable and missionary work in over 100 countries. There are over 100 Catholic magazines published in the United States, and thousands globally which range in scope from inspirational letters to specific religious orders, faithful family life, to global issues facing the worldwide Church.

Jehovah's Witnesses' primary magazine, The Watchtower, was started by Charles Taze Russell in July 1879 under the championship Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence. The public edition of the magazine is one of the about widely distributed magazines in the world, with an average printing of approximately 36 million per issue.[36]

Celebrity, human being interest, and gossip [edit]

Egyptian Movie star Salah Zulfikar on the comprehend of Al-Kawakeb magazine, March 1961

Magazines publishing stories and photos of high-profile individuals and celebrities have long been a popular format in the United States.[37] In 2019, People Magazine ranked 2d behind ESPN Magazine in total reach with a reported reach of 98.51 million.[38]

Professional [edit]

Professional magazines, also called trade magazines, or concern-to-business magazines are targeted to readers employed in particular industries. These magazines typically encompass industry trends and news of interest to professionals in the industry. Subscriptions oft come up with membership in a professional association. Professional magazines may derive revenue from ad placements or advertorials by companies selling products and services to a specific professional person audience. Examples include Advertising Age and Automotive News.[39] [forty] [41]

Meet likewise [edit]

  • History of journalism
  • Motorcar magazines
  • Boating magazines
  • British boys' magazines
  • Business magazines
  • Computer magazines
  • Customer magazines
  • Fantasy fiction magazines
  • Horror fiction magazines
  • Humor magazines
  • Inflight magazines
  • Literary magazines
  • Luxury magazines
  • Music magazines
  • News magazines
  • Online magazines
  • Pornographic magazines
  • Lurid magazines
  • Science fiction magazines
  • Scientific journals
  • Shelter magazines (home design and decorating)
  • Sports magazines
  • Dominicus magazines
  • Teen magazines
  • Trade journals
  • Video magazines
  • Zines

Lists [edit]

  • List of 18th-century British periodicals
  • List of 19th-century British periodicals
  • List of architecture magazines
  • List of art magazines
  • Listing of mode magazines
  • List of health and fitness magazines
  • List of magazines by apportionment
  • Lists of magazines by land
  • Listing of men's magazines
  • List of music magazines
  • List of online magazine archives
  • List of political magazines
  • Listing of railroad-related periodicals
  • List of satirical magazines
  • List of science magazines
  • Listing of travel magazines
  • List of teen magazines
  • List of women'south magazines

Categories [edit]

  • Periodicals
  • Religious magazines
  • Satirical magazines
  • Wildlife magazines

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b "magazine | Origin and meaning of mag by Online Etymology Lexicon". www.etymonline.com. Archived from the original on thirteen August 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  2. ^ "Definition of Magazine". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  3. ^ "Circulation 101: U.S. Newspaper Terms for Paid and Business concern/Traveler Apportionment". Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  4. ^ Beech, Valerie. "Enquiry Guides: Advertising & Public Relations: Apportionment data". libguides.marquette.edu . Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  5. ^ "Dwelling house Folio – PPA". PPA. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  6. ^ "History of magazines". Mag Designing. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 10 Oct 2013.
  7. ^ a b "The History of Magazines". Magazines.com. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  8. ^ OED, due south.v. "Magazine", and "Magazine – A Lexicon of the English Language – Samuel Johnson – 1755". johnsonsdictionaryonline.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  9. ^ "App launches for The Scots Mag - allmediascotland…media jobs, media release service and media resource for all". www.allmediascotland.com. Archived from the original on fourteen September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  10. ^ "Lloyd's List set to become a totally digital service on 20 December 2013". lloydslist.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  11. ^ Stephen Botein, Jack R. Censer, and Harriet Ritvo, "The periodical press in eighteenth-century English and French guild: a cross-cultural approach." Comparative Studies in Guild and History 23#iii (1981): 464–490.
  12. ^ Censer, Jack (2002). The French press in the age of Enlightenment. Taylor & Francis. ISBN9781134861606.
  13. ^ Robert Darnton and Daniel Roche, eds., Revolution in Impress: the Press in France, 1775–1800 (1989)
  14. ^ Keith Michael Baker, et al., The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture: The transformation of the political culture, 1789–1848 (1989).
  15. ^ Thou. Patricia Dougherty, "The French Catholic press and the July Revolution." French History 12#4 (1998): 403–428.
  16. ^ Qiling, Ma'muriyatiga Murojaat (2019). "Commonly a periodical publication: MAGAZINE". hozir.org. hozir.org.
  17. ^ a b Hill, Daniel Delis (2004). As Seen in Vogue. p. 2.
  18. ^ Straubhaar, LaRose, Davenport. Media Now: Understanding Media, Civilisation, and Technology (Nelson Education, 2015)
  19. ^ a b c Biagi, Shirley. Media Affect: An Introduction to Mass Media, 2013 Update. Cengage Publishing, 2013. Textbook.
  20. ^ "About". Harper's Magazine. 2018. Archived from the original on 5 December 2015.
  21. ^ a b Mott, Frank Luther (1938). A History of American Magazines, 1865–1885. Harvard University Printing. ISBN9780674395527. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 20 Baronial 2018.
  22. ^ Peter C. Holloran et al. eds. (2009). The A to Z of the Progressive Era. Scarecrow Press. p. 266. ISBN9780810870697. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  23. ^ Herbert Shapiro, ed., The muckrakers and American society (Heath, 1968), contains representative samples also as academic commentary.
  24. ^ Robert Miraldi, ed. The Muckrakers: Evangelical Crusaders (Praeger, 2000)
  25. ^ Harry H. Stein, "American Muckrakers and Muckraking: The l-Yr Scholarship," Journalism Quarterly, (1979) 56#one pp nine–17
  26. ^ "Number of mag launches and closures in North America 2015 | Statistic". Statista. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  27. ^ Erik, Sass (i July 2014). "93 Magazines Launch in Outset Half of 2014". Archived from the original on three June 2016. Retrieved half dozen May 2016.
  28. ^ "Jet Mag to Shift to Digital Publishing Next Month | Johnson Publishing Visitor". www.johnsonpublishing.com. Archived from the original on four June 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  29. ^ Cohen, Noam (24 April 2014). "Ladies' Home Journal to Get a Quarterly". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  30. ^ "A Brief History of Magazines and Subscriptions". MagazineDeals.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  31. ^ "Again, Mitchell". Time Magazine. Fourth dimension. ten June 1929. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2007. "Monthly mag until this calendar month chosen Popular Aviation and Helmsmanship. With 100,000 circulation it is largest-selling of U. South. air publications." "Editor of Aeronautics is as airwise Harley W. Mitchell, no relative of General Mitchell."
  32. ^ Nina Sylvester, "Before Cosmopolitan: The Girl in German women's magazines in the 1920s." Journalism Studies eight#4 (2007): 550–554.
  33. ^ "Women's magazines down the ages". the Guardian. 20 Dec 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  34. ^ a b Weaver, Heather; Proctor, Helen (May 2018). "The Question of the Spotted Muumuu: How the Australian Women's Weekly Manufactured a Vision of the Normative School Mother and Child, 1930s–1980s". History of Instruction Quarterly. 58 (2): 229–260. doi:x.1017/heq.2018.4. ISSN 0018-2680. S2CID 149955078.
  35. ^ "Liberal Quaker Journal Publishing to 1955", Friends Periodical, archived from the original on 17 September 2018, retrieved 16 September 2018
  36. ^ "Contents page". The Watchtower. Vol. 143, no. 5. 2022. p. 2.
  37. ^ "Superlative 20 Best-selling Magazines In Supermarkets". Supermarket News. 26 August 2002. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  38. ^ "Achieve of popular magazines in the Us in June 2019". Statista. 9 October 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  39. ^ "Q. What is a trade publication or merchandise magazine?". James East. Walker Library. Middle Tennessee State University. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  40. ^ "LIS1001: Resource Types". Thomas M. Carpenter Library. University of North Florida. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  41. ^ "Journals & Magazines". Arrendale Library. Piedmont University. Retrieved 4 Feb 2022.

Farther reading [edit]

  • Angeletti, Norberto, and Alberto Oliva. Magazines That Make History: Their Origins, Evolution, and Influence (2004), covers Fourth dimension, Der Spiegel, Life, Paris Match, National Geographic, Reader's Digest, ¡Hola!, and People
  • Brooker, Peter, and Andrew Thacker, eds. The Oxford Disquisitional and Cultural History of Modernist Magazines: Volume I: Uk and Ireland 1880–1955 (2009)
  • Buxton, William J., and Catherine McKercher. "Newspapers, magazines and journalism in Canada: Towards a critical historiography." Acadiensis (1988) 28#ane pp. 103–126 in JSTOR; also online
  • Cox, Howard and Simon Mowatt. Revolutions from Grub Street: A History of Magazine Publishing in United kingdom (2015) extract
  • Würgler, Andreas. National and Transnational News Distribution 1400–1800, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History (2010) retrieved: 17 December 2012.

United states [edit]

  • Baughman, James L. Henry R. Luce and the Ascent of the American News Media (2001) excerpt and text search
  • Brinkley, Alan. The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century, Alfred A. Knopf (2010) 531 pp.
    • "A Magazine Main Architect" Volume review by Janet Maslin, The New York Times, 19 April 2010
  • Damon-Moore, Helen. Magazines for the Millions: Gender and Commerce in the Ladies' Home Periodical and the Saturday Evening Mail service, 1880–1910 (1994) online
  • Elson, Robert T. Fourth dimension Inc: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise, 1923–1941 (1968); vol. 2: The World of Time Inc.: The Intimate History, 1941–1960 (1973), official corporate history
  • Endres, Kathleen L. and Therese L. Lueck, eds. Women's Periodicals in the United States: Consumer Magazines (1995) online
  • Haveman, Heather A. Magazines and the Making of America: Modernization, Customs, and Print Culture, 1741–1860 (Princeton Upward, 2015)
  • Johnson, Ronald Maberry and Abby Arthur Johnson. Propaganda and Aesthetics: The Literary Politics of Afro-American Magazines in the Twentieth Century (1979) online
  • Mott, Frank Luther. A History of American Magazines (five volumes, 1930–1968), detailed coverage of all major magazines, 1741 to 1930 by a leading scholar.
  • Nourie, Alan and Barbara Nourie. American Mass-Marketplace Magazines (Greenwood Press, 1990) online
  • Rooks, Noliwe M. Ladies' Pages: African American Women's Magazines and the Culture That Fabricated Them (Rutgers UP, 2004) online
  • Summer, David E. The Magazine Century: American Magazines Since 1900 (Peter Lang Publishing; 2010) 242 pages. Examines the rapid growth of magazines throughout the 20th century and analyzes the form'due south current decline.
  • Tebbel, John, and Mary Ellen Zuckerman. The Magazine in America, 1741–1990 (1991), popular history
  • Wood, James P. Magazines in the United States: Their Social and Economic Influence (1949) online
  • Zuckerman, Mary Ellen. A History of Popular Women's Magazines in the United states of america, 1792–1995 (Greenwood Printing, 1998) online

External links [edit]

thompsonmazead53.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine

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